Microeconomics ( Short Written Response ) Essay - 1358 Words

SOUTHERN CROSS UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET For use with online submission of assignments Please complete all of the following details and then make this sheet the first page of each file of your assignment – do not send it as a separate document. Your assignments must be submitted as either Word documents, text documents with .rtf extension or as .pdf documents. If you wish to submit in any other file format please discuss this with your lecturer well before the assignment submission date. Student Name: Sumit Sharma Student ID No.: 22654049 Unit Name: ECONOMICS AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS Unit Code: ECO82001 Tutor’s name: Badri Bhattrai Assignment No.: 2 Assignment Title: MICROECONOMICS ( SHORT WRITTEN RESPONSE) Due date: 5,DEC,2016 Date submitted: 5,DEC,2016 Declaration: I have read and understand the Rules Relating to Awards (Rule 3 Section 18 – Academic Misconduct Including Plagiarism) as contained in the SCU Policy Library. I understand the penalties that apply for plagiarism and agree to be bound by these rules. The work I am submitting electronically is entirely my own work. Signed: (please type your name) Sumit Sharma Date: 5 december 2016 Question 1 What is the midpoint method for calculating price elasticity of demand? How else can the price elasticity of demand be calculated? What is the advantage of the midpoint formula? Answer 1 Definition: Price elasticity of demand is a Theory of the relationship between a change in the quantity demanded of aShow MoreRelatedEconomic Cost versus Accounting Cost4283 Words   |  18 PagesProduction 7.1 Measuring Cost: Which Costs Matter? 7 Economic Cost versus Accounting Cost ââ€"  accounting cost equipment. 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Campbell McConnell Stanley Brue AP MICROECONOMICS SEMESTER PLAN Instructor, Mrs. Peggy Pride TEXT: Economics, Principles, Problems and Policies, 15th Edition, McConnell and Brue Video: Econ U$A series with discussion Class Activities: APIP workbook activities, reinforcement and writing activities and other teacher-developed materials This semester-longRead MoreSuperfreakonomics a Personal Review1834 Words   |  8 Pagespaid well because of the illegality of their actions. 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PART TWO: SUPPLY AND DEMAND I: HOW MARKETSRead MoreIslm Curve4198 Words   |  17 Pagesstudent in the ongoing war against IS/LM confusion and ignorance. The author has claimed in his Notes on Macroeconomic Theory (1995) that, There should be no mystery or uncertainty surrounding the IS/LM analysis at this point. IS/LM curves are simply a short-cut to finding the equilibrium values for income and interest rate. There are two equations and two unknownsÑwhat simpler strategy than to put them on one graph could be devised? (p. 52) The author still worries, however, that the student is memorizingRead MoreEcon1101 Past Exam Essay1952 Words   |  8 PagesTHE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS SESSION 1, 2008 ECONllOl MICROECONOMICS I FINAL EXAMINATION TIME ALLOWED - 2HOURS THIS PAPER IS WORTH 60% OF THE TOTAL SUBJECT MARK This examination paper consists of two parts - Part A and Part B Part A consists of 20 multiple choice questions each worth one (1) mark. Answer all the questions in Part A on the answer sheet provided, using pencil only: (a) Print your student number, name and initials in the space provided and mark the appropriateRead MoreExchange Rate Systems3842 Words   |  16 Pagesforeign government bonds. 6. What is likely to happen if a central bank suddenly prints a large amount of new money? Answer: Whereas there are theories that predict that changes in the supply of money have real effects on the economy in the short run, it is likely that if the central bank showers the economy suddenly with money, the only result will be higher inflation. This is because the demand for money ultimately depends on the amount of real transactions in the economy and how much moneyRead MoreMarketing and Communications Objectives7407 Words   |  30 Pages The more specific the firm s advertising objectives, the: a. easier it becomes to measure advertising effectiveness b. more difficult it is for competitor s advertising to be effective c. easier it is to measure the advertising-sales response function d. smaller the funding needed to meet advertising goals e. more difficult it is for a competitor to use competitive parity budgeting 6. Companies that develop integrated marketing communications (IMC) programs that do not containRead MoreBusiness: Strategic Management and E. Correct Response5024 Words   |  21 Pagesbusiness erroneously records expenses as assets, it has violated the measurement issue of A. communication. B. classification. C. valuation. D. recognition. E. Correct Response: B 3302 A dividend will reduce which of the following accounts? A. Dividends B. Retained Earnings C. Common Stock D. Accounts Payable E. Correct Response: B 3342 Unearned revenues are recorded by companies that A. receive money in advance of the performance of a service. B. pay money at the time the performance of a serviceRead MoreA Central Policy Document Of The Government2299 Words   |  10 Pagesdepending on president’s style, political considerations, and economic situations under which it is prepared or implemented. This means that different presidents have adopted different budgeting system depending on these factors and many books have been written to analyze the different budgeting systems adopted by different presidents under different economic situations Bill (5). This piece of writing asserts to review Bob Woodward’s book and other articles and how they analyze different budgeting systems

Revenge By William Shakespeare s Hamlet - 982 Words

Revenge has caused the downfall of many a person. Its consuming nature causes one to act recklessly through anger rather than reason. Revenge is an emotion easily rationalized; one turn deserves another. However, this is a very dangerous theory to live by. Throughout Hamlet, revenge is a dominant theme. Fortinbras, Laertes, and Hamlet all seek to avenge the deaths of their fathers. But in so doing, all three rely more on emotion than thought, and take a very big gamble, a gamble which eventually leads to the downfall and death of all but one of them. King Fortinbras was slain by King Hamlet in a sword battle. This entitled King Hamlet to the land that was possessed by Fortinbras because it was written in a seal d compact. †¦our valiant Hamlet-for so this side of our known world esteem d him-did slay this Fortinbras. Young Fortinbras was enraged by his father’s murder and sought revenge against Denmark. He wanted to reclaim the land that had been lost to Denmark when his f ather was killed. †¦Now sir, young Fortinbras†¦as it doth well appear unto our state-but to recover of us, by strong hand and terms compulsative, those foresaid lands so by his father lost†¦ Claudius becomes aware of Fortinbras’ plans, and in an evasive move, sends a message to the new King of Norway, Fortinbras’ uncle. The king forbade Fortinbras to wage an attack against Denmark, and instead suggested he attack the Poles to vent his anger. Fortinbras agreed to the plan, but had no intentions ofShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet s Revenge1725 Words   |  7 Pages Thesis: Shakespeare s portrayal of Hamlet s revenge is not a worthy journey because he never finds his self worth, distracted between what will exemplify his purpose, and what will make him a failure in the memory of Denmark. 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In â€Å"Hamlet,† he isRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Hamlet s Revenge1742 Words   |  7 PagesHamlet’s Vengeance Hamlet is one of the greatest literary works that has the innate ability to transcend time with the study of the human condition. William Shakespeare investigates themes of revenge, morality, sex, and familial complexities that entangle us all at one point and time. Shakespeare story of Hamlet gives us one of our first tragic heroes in modern literary history. In his quest for revenge for his father’s death we also see the systematic decline and lapses into madness that willRead MoreRevenge By William Shakespeare s Hamlet882 Words   |  4 PagesIn Shakespeare’s Hamlet, it is very evident that hatred and a thirst for revenge can turn people into something that they are not. Many characters throughout this story exemplify this, but the main two are Hamlet and Laertes. This theme of revenge is established throughout the whole play and it acts as a vital character. Revenge is seen as a cause for many outcomes. Hamlet pursues revenge on Claudius to avenge his father s dea th. Gertrude is targeted by Hamlet for wedding Claudius too quickly afterRead MoreRevenge By William Shakespeare s Hamlet914 Words   |  4 PagesRevenge = Happiness Can revenge really bring happiness? Harming and getting back at someone for upsetting you or â€Å"doing you wrong†. It’s the ultimate win, right? Wrong. Revenge is an irrepressible craving that devours the mind and creates a never ending cycle of pain and grief. â€Å"But isn’t it said that revenge is sweet?† says nearly every person in modern day society. Wrong again. We’re obsessed with the belief that revenge is what solves the issue, when in reality; it’s only ridding you of yourRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Longing For Revenge1304 Words   |  6 PagesLonging for Revenge William Shakespeare was born in England in April of 1564 and was an English poet and playwright . Shakespeare is universally known as the greatest writer in the English language. Shakespeare frequently produced tragedies that are continuously acted out today, along with many plays and sonnets.. Although Shakespeare is seen today as a great writer who changed the world, his reputation did not rise to these heights until around the 19th century. In all of Shakespeare’s astoundingRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet As A Revenge Tragedy1777 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s play Hamlet was written as a revenge tragedy. This play was written by Shakespeare between 1599 and 1602; no one is exactly certain about the date Hamlet was written (Hunt 2). The protagonist of this play is a prince named Hamlet; he is a prince of Denmark. Hamlet’s father was killed by his uncle Claudius, who became king afterwards. Not only did Claudius become king of Denmark, he took Hamlet’s mother, Gertrude, as his wife. This play is the longest of all Shakespeare’s playsRead MoreRevenge By William Shakespeare s Hamlet, And Sophocles Antigone2105 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Revenge has always been an exciting theme to incorporate into any literary work. This revenge adds conflict, action, and contrast to any story. There have been hundreds of thousands of stories and tales which cause readers to experience similar feeling to that of the main characters. With revenge, the reader may side with the main character whether or not the main character is morally right or wrong. By human nature, people around the globe have always been trying their hardest to comeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesTo be, or not to be; that s the question† (Act III, Scene 1, P.1127) is of the most widely circulated lines. As we all know, it is also the most important part of the drama, â€Å"Hamlet†, which is one of the most famous tragedy in the literature written by William Shakespeare between from 1599 to1602. The drama was written at the age of Renaissance that reflects the reality of the British society in sixteenth century to early seventeenth century. During that period, Britain was in the era of reverseRead MoreEssay on Vengeance in Shakespeares Hamlet - The Theme of Revenge1162 Words   |  5 PagesThe Theme of Revenge in Hamlet    In Shakespeares tragedy,  Hamlet, the thoughts of revenge are introduced early in the play. At the end of the first act, Hamlet meets the ghost of his deceased father. He is brought to see him by Horatio and Marcellus, who saw the ghost yesternight (Shakespeare 1.2.190). During this exchange of words between the Ghost and Hamlet, the Ghost tells Hamlet, [s]o art thou to revenge, when thou shalt hear. (Shakespeare 1.5.5). He is telling Hamlet to listen closely

Business Environment Relationship

Question: Differences in finance and banking systems between that country and home country and how these may affect your business and what countermeasures you may need? Any difference in legal systems between that country and home country and how these may affect your business and what countermeasures you may need? Answer: Introduction: In the contemporary business situation, before establishing a new business relationship in the existing market or enlarging the business into new market, it is very important to understand the environment to analyze whether it is suitable to for conducting the business or not. Business firms try to expand their operations to the foreign country for mitigating internal risks, diversify the product line, increase business scale and to cope with the domestic competition. Suppose an automobile company from UK market is trying to develop export relationship with Turkey. In this report, the researcher has discussed the range of factors that may provide influence on the business expansion strategy of the export company. Cultures of Turkey and their implications for business: In the recent years, culture has become one of the central point to conduct business in the international market (Kaufmann et al. 2004); (Burns, 2007). Language is plays another crucial role in doing business in the international market. Even though English is an international language, still many businesses like to make business deal in pre-dominating native language. The culture of Turkey includes some heterogeneous and a heavily diverse set of elements that has been drives especially from the Eastern Mediterranean region, South Eastern Europe and Central Asian traditions. The official language in Turkey is Turkish. No language other than Turkish taught to the domestic citizen as a mother language (Grint, 2008). So, before expanding business in Turkey, it is very important to acquire much ability to communicate in Turkish language. It will help them to avoid ethnic minorities to use their language. Religious view in the host country is another component and a very sensitive issue that needs to be taken into account by the exporting company. The religious view of Turkey is Islam as 95% of total populations are registered as Muslim. In order to avoid religious conflict, the export company needs to understand the basic theme of Islamic religion. Islamic view places huge prominence on the ethical value of human life. They always prefer ethically desi rable form of business and the modes of transaction. Given the nature of Islamic ethical codes, it would be desirable to focus on some specific principle of business and act accordingly (Henson, 2009). Friday is normally observed as the public holiday in Turkey and the company exporting there needs to consider this religious factor. Political and economic systems of Turkey and their implications for business: Political system: Political system of a country is a center for designing its economic and legal system. A country can be democratic or government centric or may be a collective society (Reynolds et al. 2004). Generally, democratic country is one government provides less interference on the firms activities. On the other hand, government centric economy is one where government encourages personal profits and acts for fulfilling the social needs in certain cases. The way to do business in an economy depends on the form of government. The current strength of the political system of Turkey is their liberalized government policy. Turkey is the supporter of liberal investment and trade policy that allows open or free trade among the countries (Scott, 2010). The political system in Turkey declined a custom union agreement in 1996 that allows many international business firms to expand freely and successfully in the Turkey market. The number of exporter rising at the rate of 15% every year and this allows the automobile company to flourish with their products in Turkey planet. However, one of the major challenge in Turkey is the increasing rate of terrorist attacks that has been occur in the country due to their Islamic extremist and Turkish militants that are generally linked with Al-Qaeda. This is a political disadvantage for doing business with Turkey as they may also be targeted by the terrorists. Economic system: Before launching business in Turkey, it is important for the exporting company to know the economic system of the country. There are mainly three types of economic systems that attempts to allocate economic resource efficiently and they are commercialized economy, command economy and mixed economy (Marquis Huston, 2009). The commercialized or market economy is dominated by the private ownerships and command economy is one where resource allocation depends on the government directives (Poon, 2000). Finally, mixed economy is a combination of the market and command economy where both forces act simultaneously to allocate economic resource. The economic system in Turkey characterized by mixed economic system that exhibits the feature of both market and command economy. In this economy, there are both private and public enterprises. However, it is the government who decides which sector can be opened up under private ownership and to what extent. Hence, the private ownership firms are bounded by the rules and regulations set by the government of the country. The ultimate purpose of government intervention is to bring benefits to the overall economy instead of certain section of the society (Rettab et al. 2009); (Nicolescu, 2011). The management team of the company should have an idea about the trends and economic environment of Turkey. The view of local government about the foreign exporter or the complementary to the foreign business decides how the government of Turkey will frame business opportunities for the exporter company, the regulatory laws and trade barriers. Nature of business systems in the chosen country that affect business operations: Business organization: Turkey is the sixteen largest economy in the world and sixth largest economy in Europe. Hence, it is high growth market for the investors as well as for export companies. According to the recent record, the growing population, its strategic location between Asia and Europe makes the country very attractive for the investor and business exporter to make their business activities in this region (Maitland, 2004). Presently it is responsible for 80% of the worlds import and 17th largest country in terms of PPP (Purchasing Power Parity). The economy is driven predominately and has extended enough space for the growth of automobile industry (Kennerley Neely, 2003). The key imported products in Turkey are chemical vessels, ships, automobile parts, home appliance and consumer electronics. Leadership: One of the biggest issues in facing international business executive is to build a global leadership pipeline. It has been reported that, the leadership strategy followed by the UK economy is different from that of in Turkey. The market leaders in Turkey have a very strong focus and skill set on their operational activities. The leadership strategy in Turkey provides strong focus on the operational process, hands-on management and managing the individual performance (EIU, 2010); (Palmer Hartley, 2006). Hence, to succeed in this first growing country, the exporting company needs to collect market data quickly and actively. If they define their market strategy clearly, they can hire, manage and train their individual quickly. Human Resource Management: As suggested by Baron (2010), the HRM practitioners are basically used as a guide for the HR functions to support sustainability in the business context. It outlines the business approach for maintaining the labor standard and other specific aspect of sustainability such as employer branding, employee volunteering and so on. The HRM activities in Turkey differs from the UK economy in terms of several grounds such as new HR skills requirements for sustainable HR practice, the minimum acceptability of HRM in different organizations etc. However, both businesses and society believes in delivering greater shareholders value and strong organizational performance over time. Change Management Principles: As the impact of globalization, the organizational change management has become permanent features of the business activities throughout the globe. In the new market situation, innovative technology, huge capital flow and investment demand and vast new market has becomes less predictable (Cherunilam, 2010). Thus, to meet these challenges, firms are becoming more sophisticated day by day. Business organizations in both the economy are coped up with the change management principle. The change management in the host country takes place via clear top-down directions. The change management principle in Turkey is basically culture centric where they believes that organizational culture is the basis for implementation of successful change management (Kogg Mont, 2012). Further, they also believe to involve each employee at each level of the business planning. Thus, the export company should focus on drawing emotional energy from the cultural aspect instead of changing this. It will help the m to enhance their export market in Turkey. Differences in finance and banking systems between these countries and their implications for business: The finance and banking system in Turkey is primarily characterized by Islamic Banking that believes Islam as its backbone. For them ethical philosopher and objectives plays a major role in their function. The banking system in Turkey differentiates their customers according to their religious views (Fries et al. 2003); (Bellia Pilato, 2012). It provides major importance to the Islamic customer and less on the others. It might create barriers for the export company to hold equity in these banks and make sufficient transaction if needed. The Islamic banking system also carried out operations like insurance, trading etc, which are also lies beyond the typical field of commercial banking. In addition to that, majority of the banks and other financial institute are chattered and regulated by the state of Turkey government. Banks in UK economy are not permitted enough to engage insurance and securities with Turley. So the export company cannot apply for credit standard to continue its bu siness with Turkey. Legal systems of Turkey and their implications for business: The legal systems are considered as an important element that affects international business expansion. The automobile company is establishing their business relationship with Turkey and thereby the legal system of Turkey has a huge impact upon the export company. In general, the legal system of for most of the countries combines three main kinds of legal system, namely, civil law, common law and religious law. civil law is based upon the detailed set of law that constitutes a code on how the law will be applied, the common law based on the tradition and the religious law based on the religious guideline (Hamilton Webster, 2012); (Jackson, 2010). Among these laws, the religious law provides direct impact on the business environment. As mentioned bin above, the religious view of Turkey is Islamic and thus the impact of religious law on business can be observed in terms of Islamic law. It believes on morality of the human life rather than commercial activities (Schaffer Schaffer, 201 2). With the concept of Islamic law, the business will be directly impacted in terms of interest. Many banks are offers lease back on assets or sale buyback or charge a large up front free. If the export company wants to borrow money from the bank, it can do that by selling its product at fixed price to the bank. So, the company has to comply with the Islamic law and find creative way to do business with Turkey. Ethical matter of Turkey that may affect the business strategy: The automobile company in UK market which in turn tries to adopt the responsibility of trade in Turkey by an ethical manner that incorporates their business standard, market and sales expansion, labor condition of their industry and their payment process (Worthington Britton, 2006); (Ward et al. 2005). The ethical consideration of the export company also includes respecting the Islamic view, removing the incidents of child labor, minimizing the gender discrimination and developing a fair trade that will help them to establish a strong and profitable relationship with Turkey. If the export company fails to meet the international labor law and the local legislation of the host country, it might hamper their global business expansion strategy. Thus, it is important for the company to imply the orders and code of conducts to be present and prevent discomforting situation. Conclusion: The current study focuses on the business environment of Turkey and its situational analysis regarding a particular automobile export company. The study comprises a details analysis about the economic, social, cultural and financial aspect that affects the business expansion strategy of the export company. Even though, Turkey presents long-term opportunities and excellent intermediate for the automobile firms, it also includes a range of challenges on the international firms, such as complex bureaucracy, political and economic instability, occasional civil demonstration, cultural imbalance and judicial system. Hence, before conducting business in this economy, it is crucial to understand the basic fundamentals of the economy through different economic situation to ensure progress of the business. References: Baron, D. (2010), Business and its environment, (1st ed.) Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall Bellia, C. Pilato, M. (2012). Features on structural policies in regional development of the European Union and their main effects, 12(5) pp.8--9 Burns, P. (2007). Entrepreneurship and small business. 1st ed. Basingstoke [England]: Palgrave. Cherunilam, F. (2010), Elements of business environment, (1st ed), Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House EIU, E. (2010). Global microscope on the microfinance business environment 2010: An index and study by the Economist Intelligence Unit Fries, S., Lysenko, T. Polanec, S. (2003). The 2002 business environment and enterprise performance survey: results from a survey of 6,100 firms. Grint, K. (2008).Leadership, management and command. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Hamilton, L. Webster, P. (2012), The international business environment. (1st ed.) Oxford: Oxford University Press. Henson, A. (2009).Albania's business environment. London: GMB. Jackson, P. (2010). Web 2.0 Knowledge Technologies and the Enterprise. (1st ed.) Burlington: Elsevier Science. Kaufmann, D., Hellman, J., Jones, G. Schankerman, M. (2004). Measuring governance, corruption, and state capture: How firms and bureaucrats shape the business environment in transition economies.World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (2312). Kennerley, M. Neely, A. (2003). Measuring performance in a changing business environment. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 23 (2), 213--229. Kogg, B. Mont, O. (2012) Environmental and social responsibility in supply chains: The practise of choice and inter-organisational management, Ecological Economics, 83, pp.154--163 Maitland, I. 2004.The business environment. Oxford: Made Simple Books. Marquis, B. Huston, C. (2009).Leadership roles and management functions in nursing. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Nicolescu, C. (2011). Perceptions of Entrepreneurs Regarding Romanian Business Environment in 2010, Revista de management comparat international/review of international comparative management, 12(6), pp.479489 Palmer, A. Hartley, B. (2006).The business environment. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education. Poon, S. (2000). Business environment and internet commerce benefit-a small business perspective. European Journal of Information Systems, 9 (2), 72--81. Rettab, B., Brik, A. Mellahi, K. (2009) A study of management perceptions of the impact of corporate social responsibility on organisational performance in emerging economies: the case of Dubai, Journal of Business Ethics, 89(3), pp.371--390 Reynolds, J., Cuthbertson, C. Bell, R. (2004). Retail strategy. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Schaffer, R. Schaffer, R. (2012), International business law and its environment, (1st ed.) Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Scott, S. (2010). Globally competitive business environment-2003 to 2011 reports| Policies| BIS, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS), 1 Victoria Street, London, SW1H 0ET, Telephone 020 7215 5000, 2(1), pp. 52-56 Ward, P., Duray, R., Keong Leong, G. Sum, C. (2005). Business environment, operations strategy, and performance: an empirical study of Singapore manufacturers.Journal of operations Management, 13 (2), pp. 99--115. Worthington, I. Britton, C. (2006).The business environment. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall.

Wildlife Essays (824 words) - Habitat, Environmental Conservation

Wildlife The"cry of the wild" can still be heard across this great land. I have heard the bugle of an elk on the Great Plains...the shrill of a bald eagle along the banks of the mightily Mississippi...the roar of a brown eagle bear on windswept tundra...and the gobble of a wild turkey among western foothills. Amazing beauty can still be found in the natural landscapes of this great land. I have seen through televisions, articles, books, and newspapers the towering forests...pristine waters...rich wetlands...wide-open prairies...majestic mountains...and vast deserts alive with color. I am in awe by the complexity and wonder of the natural world. Truly, it is where you can find solace and peace. America is truly blessed. A land rich in natural resources----our sense of adventure, pioneering spirit, and tenacity. Irving Berlin's God Bless America, Woody Guthrie's This Land is Your Land, and Samuel Smith's America all declare a love and respect for this land we call "home." It is our duty to regain a love and respect for the land, its beauty, and life ?s comfort. The legacy of our natural resource heritage must be preserved. Education is the answer. Through writing my paper I have learned that endangered species is more than a name, it is a mission in-and-of-itself, a mission to keep safe our wildlife---forever. The earth is home to more than 5.2 billion people, each having certain needs, wants, and desires. The process of consumption drastically changes the natural landscape, an many cases to the wearing away of other species. Consumption transform vast quantities of natural resources, such as fossil fuels and trees, into countless products and mountains of waste. As such, it directly and indirectly impacts land use decisions including wetland drainage, the clearing of forest, mining, agricultural production, and development. Over time, the increasing affect of poor land use, decisions, and reckless use of natural resources have undermined the integrity and to keep up the ability of the natural world, resulting in global environmental reduction. In his book, Earth in the Balance---Ecology and the Human Spirit, Vice President Al Gore writes: "The disharmony in our relationship to the earth, which stems in part from our addiction to a pattern of consuming ever-larger quantities of the resources of the earth, is now manifest in successive crises, each marking a more destructive clash between our civilization and the natural world: whereas all threats to the environment used to be local and regional, several are now strategic . The loss of one and a half acres of rain forest every second, the sudden, thousand fold acceleration of the natural extinction rate for living species, the ozone hole above Antarctica and the thinning of the ozone layer at all latitudes, the possible destruction of the climate balance that makes our lives livable--all these suggest the increasingly violent collision between human civilization and the natural world. For civilization as a whole, the faith that is so essential to restore the balance now missing in our relationship to the earth is the faith that we have a future. We can believe in that future and work to achieve it and preserve it, or we can whirl blindly on, behaving as if one day there will be no children to inherit our legacy. The choice is ours; the earth is in the balance." What is the leading threat to wildlife? What does the word "threatened" mean? What does the word "endangered mean? Does extinction really mean gone forever? What happened to the Bald Eagle? The words"threatened" and "endangered" are used to describe the status of rare wildlife and plant species. Threatened is used to classify a species with dangerously low population numbers. The bald eagle is an example of a threatened wildlife species. And extinct is used to identify a species that no longer exists or has died out. The dusky seaside sparrow is an example of an extinct wildlife species. Persistent decline in wildlife populations led Congress to enact the Endangered Species in 1973. The act mandated the federal government to protect endangered wildlife, plant species, and their habitats. Today, there are over 1,000 species protected by the Endangered Species Act. Approximately 50 species are added each year. The loss of any species is cause for great concern. However, extinction occurs naturally as part of the process of evolution. In fact, paleontologists (one who studies the past geological periods) have yet to agree upon what caused dinosaurs to become extinct. Theories include a collision with a massive meteorite or the eruption of a volcano leading to drastic changes in climate conditions.

Tic tac toe Essay Example

Tic tac toe Essay Example Tic tac toe Paper Tic tac toe Paper Tln01nga goal weak methods: depth-first search (DFS), breadth-first search (BFS), constraint satisfaction (CSP) strong methods: use heuristics, A* search s goal nodes Tic Tac Toe Playing Strategies Two players human computer. The objective is to write a computer program in such a way that computer wins most of the time. Three approaches are presented to play this game which increase in Complexity Use of generalization Clarity of their knowledge Extensibility of their approach These approaches will move towards being representations of what we will call A1 techniques. Tic Tac Toe Board- (or Noughts and crosses, Xs and Os) It is two players, X and O, game who take turns marking the spaces in a 33 grid. The player who succeeds in placing three respective marks in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal row wins the game. 2 4 5 6 8 9 7 positions Zero-Sum Games Focus primarily on adversarial games Two-player, zero-sum games As Player 1 gains strength Player 2 loses strength and vice versa The sum of the two strengths is always O. Search Applied to Adversarial Games Initial state Current board position (description of current game state) Operators Legal moves a player can make Terminal nodes Leaf nodes in the tree Indicate the game is over Utility function Payoff function Value of the outcome of a game Example: tic tac toe, utility is -1, O, or 1 Game Trees Tic tac toe Two players, MAX and MIN Moves (ana levels) alternate Detween two players Minimax Algorithm Search the tree to the end Assign utility values to terminal nodes Find the best move for MAX (on MAXS turn), assuming: MAX will make the move that maximizes MAXS utility MIN will make the move that minimizes MAXs utility Here, MAX should make the leftmost move Minimax applet Minimax Properties Complete if tree is finite Optimal if play against opponent with same strategy (utility function) Time complexity is O(bm) Space complexity is O(bm) (depth-first exploration) If we have 100 seconds to make a move Can explore 104 nodes/seco nd Can consider 106 nodes / move Standard approach is Apply a cutoff test (depth limit, quiescence) Evaluate nodes at cutoff (evaluation function estimates desirability of position) Alpha-Beta Pruning Typically can only look 3-4 ply in allowable chess time Alpha-beta pruning simplifies search space without eliminating optimality By applying common sense If one route allows queen to be captured and a better move is available Then dont search further down bad path If one route would be bad for opponent, ignore that route also Max 71 No need to look here! Maintain [alpha, beta] window at each node during depth-first search alpha bound, change at max levels beta = upper bound, change at min levels = lower Alpha Beta Properties Pruning does not affect final result Good move ordering improves effectiveness of pruning With perfect ordering, time complexity is Goals To reduce the space complexity Game can be played one or two players Builds High-Level Game Contain Levels

The History of Grammar School Education in England Essay

The History of Grammar School Education in England - Essay Example This essay declares that the modern education system has developed to become a public facility that is accessible to every person in the society. When religious bodies started education forum, they intended to form a training ground for Latin language that was the traditional language that linked people in religion. This paper stresses that in the 19th century, education experienced numerous changes that are regarded as critical turning points in the history of education. This period began with the leadership of the Lord Chancellor who came with the motive of abolishing the traditional school system that only paid attention to the study of Greek and Latin. His feeling was that the system was unprogressive and immodest for a world that was quickly changing and experiencing forces that demanded an expansion of the education culture. In 1840, the Grammar School Act was put in place to allow the traditional school to teach other languages such as French other than the traditional languages. This wave of change was suppressed by other forces that were foreseen in the Grammar School Act. In this act, the head of the school had to approve a change in the educational structure within the institution and hence those who did not feel the necessity to revise their learning subjects were left at liberty to retain their old system. This freedom of the educational heads to decide the kind of curriculum to teach in their schools inhibited institutional transformation. By the year 1968, the number of grammar school in England was at a figure of 782, and an increase in these figures was anticipated. In this year, the Public Schools Act came into existence and formed a new era when regulation policies for institutions became evident (Miner, 2010, P. 32). This act was enacted by the British parliament that as a reformation strategy that would see the leading English boys’ schools that had been previously grown out of some traditional charity school. After this act, these schools were placed under the direct care of the government as public schools apart from a few schools such as St Pauls’ and Merchant Taylor schools that were able to prove their authenticity as private schools. This was a critical point in the history when the educational system became divided into public and private, which is a characteristic of the modern education system. Another markable transition came into place after the formulation of the Endowed Schools act in 1869 that sought to change the social aspect of the traditional school system. After the Public schools act launched a policy to control the nine leading boys' school, the Taunton commission was given the mandate to investigate the affairs of the 782 grammar schools that existed by that time. In their investigation, the commission gave a feedback report that noted the gender imbalance that existed in these schools and the low quality of education that was offered (Miner, 2010, P. 32). The two issues were identified as a weakness of the educational system and that these conditions did not match the demands of the current population. In this regard, the government sought to reform educational structures by imposing an act that would enhance quality and gender balance in these grammar schools. Consequently, the Endowed school s act was put in place and declared that some

Giving economic circumstances over the last five years of how Tesco, Essay

Giving economic circumstances over the last five years of how Tesco, Sainsbury and Morrisons have coped - Essay Example 1, the economy is contracting. The situation affects retailers because of the low purchasing power of consumers. BBC said that the rise in sales will be slower than expected, with a rise predicted at only 1%. Analysts blamed rising prices are the cause of the slow growth of retail sales. Economic outlook of UK for 2013 as raised by the Confederation of British Industry will stagnate and the Bank of England will refrain from a stimulus expanding. Their forecast is that the recession economy will stay until 2014. Purpose of the study is to analyze steps taken by the giant superstores to cushion the effect of recession, and strategies they plan to stay in competition. Since recession is not over yet, the study will benefit smaller retail stores in designing strategies that will reduce impact of recession in its operations. 4. Methodology . This study will make an analysis of performance of the three retail giants in UK during recession period using comparative analysis of its financial performance as an indicator. Review of its annual reports will show strategies implemented to survive the economic recession challenge. Government policies to stimulate economy will also be inspected TESCO is one of the world’s largest retailers with operations in 14 countries, employing over 500,000 and serving tens of millions of customers every week. Diversified businesses: retailing of books, clothing, electronics, furniture, petrol and software, financial services, telecoms and internet services, DVD rentals and downloads. It has repositioned itself from a cheap retailer to finest ranges of higher quality merchandise. SAINSBURY was founded in 1869 and operates over 1000 stores including 440 convenience stores. It operates joint ventures with Land Securities Group plc and the British Land Company PLC. It has on-line ordering system and a roll-out delivery system. Sainsbury Finance provides credit cards, insurances, and savings and loans, and an